Value Extraction from Ferrochrome Slag: A Thermochemical …

The valorization of slag from the production of high-carbon ferrochrome is a challenge for ferrochrome producers. The recycling of high-carbon ferrochrome slag was explored through the smelting route to recover Fe–Si–Al–Cr alloys and reengineer the residual slag for alumina-enriched refractory material. In this research, the focus was to reduce the SiO2% and …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Evaluation and synergy of material and energy in the …

The present paper provides an analysis model based on material and energy flows in the process of ferrochrome pellets. The smelting processes of steel belt sintering, preheating …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Technology Innovations in the Smelting of Chromite Ore

The increasing costs of electric energy and thus the need to reduce the energy required to produce ferrochrome from chromite ore have spurred the innovations in the technologies used for smelting chromite ore. These technologies (Conventional smelting process, Outokumpu process, DC arc route, and Premus process) have been reviewed in this work. Premus process has …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Ferrochromium Smelting In Zimbabwe

Ferrochrome Smelting in Zimbabwe 2. agglomeration, 3. The growth in the base metals and steel industry has precipitated worldwide volatility in the price of metallurgical reductants, 4. Logistical infrastructure (road/rail) is increasingly being strained by stronger demand, 20

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Evaluation and synergy of material and energy in the smelting …

Ferrochrome is widely used for stainless steel. The smelting technology for ferrochrome has attracted much attention [1]. The smelting process suffers from high energy consumption and a large amount of by-product. Recovering waste energy and improving energy efficiency are ultimate aims for investigating the smelting process [2, 3].

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

PRODUCTION, CHARACTERISTICS AND USE OF …

Vital characteristics are smelting point, electric conductivity and viscosity. The main components of FeCr slag are SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO. Additionally it consists of Cr-, Fe-oxides and CaO. …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Ferrochrome

Medium- and low-carbon ferrochrome smelting also adopts oxygen-blowing method, that is, oxygen is directly blown into liquid high-carbon ferrochrome to decarbonize it. During blowing, a small amount of lime and fluorite are added to the molten bath to make slag, and silicochromium or ferrosilicon is added before tapping to recover chromium in ...

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

ferrochrome; all you need to know about it

The production of ferrochrome involves a complex smelting process, usually carried out in electric arc furnaces. The process converts chromite ore (composed mainly of chromium oxide)) into ferrochrome, an alloy of iron and chromium. Here is a simplified overview of the ferrochrome production process: 1. Mining and Beneficiation

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Modeling on Reduction Reaction of Metal Oxides for …

For the smelting of ferrochrome, the furnace charge contains ferrochrome pellet, coke, and silica. The main reason is that the quality of chrome ore is reduced, and the proportion of chrome ore powder is relatively large. Chrome ore powder is pelletized, and fed into submerged arc furnace for smelting. The uniform particle size of pellets is 20 mm.

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Enabling CO2 neutral metallurgy for ferrochromium …

Hamuyuni, J. et al. Simulation-based life cycle assessment of ferrochrome smelting technologies to determine environmental impacts. J. Clean. Prod. 295, 126503 (2021).

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Simulation of Ferrochrome Settling Behavior in a …

The ferrochrome settling behavior significantly affects the smelting performance of a submerged arc furnace. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) transient mathematical model simulating the complex multiphase flow and thermochemical phenomena inside an industrial furnace. Via the model, the smelting phenomena are clarified in terms of …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

ASPECTS OF SAF SMELTING OF FERROCHROME

the reactions occurring during ferrochrome smelting by submerged arc furnace technologies. The approach taken in the review is to specifically follow and examine the reaction steps that result in the formation of metal. From investigations of excavated quenched submerged arc furnaces, …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

The Transformation of Ferrochromium Smelting …

A major part of new process technology has been launched in ferrochrome production. Especially in 1980'ies there was seen strong interest in research and implementation of new methods, …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Evaluation and synergy of material and energy in the smelting …

The smelting technology for ferrochrome has attracted much attention [1]. The smelting process suffers from high energy consumption and a large amount of by-product. Recovering waste energy and improving energy efficiency are ultimate aims for investigating the smelting process [2,3]. Chromite ore quality is linked with both smelting process ...

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Review on Preparation of Medium- and Low-carbon Ferrochrome …

In summary, now, the ferrochrome alloys' smelting methods are extensive. But in order to meet the national requirements of energy conservation and green metallurgy, we should improve traditional production processes. And because of the production of medium-low-carbon ferrochrome, the grade and melting properties of chrome ore directly affect ...

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Smelting of High-Carbon Ferrochrome from Prereduced …

Experimental smelting of three batches of prereduced chromite raw materials with different degrees of metallization of chromium was conducted in the 0.2 MVA ore-smelting furnace of the Chemical ...

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

South African ferrochrome industry 'running out of time' as …

South Africa's ferrochrome industry has taken its first steps towards independent power generation, with plans to generate up to 750 MW of its own electricity (comprising wind, solar and cogenerated power) by 2024, Mining Weekly can report. The industry adds significant value to chrome ore by elevating it to ferrochrome, which it sells at a far higher price, earning …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Introduction to Ferrochrome: Composition, Uses, …

Overall, the smelting process for ferrochrome is energy-intensive and requires precise control of temperature, chemistry, and process parameters to ensure the production of high-quality alloy suitable for diverse industrial …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

ZimAlloys Revives Smelting, Targets 120,000 Tonnes Annual Ferrochrome …

ZimAlloys was once a dominant player in Zimbabwe's ferrochrome industry but faced significant challenges in the early 2010s. After the company ceased smelting operations in 2013, it entered judicial management for nearly eight years due to financial difficulties and an inability to meet obligations to local and foreign creditors.

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Reductant Formation Enthalpy in DC Ferrochrome Smelting …

McCullough S, Hockaday S, Johnson C, Barcza NA (2010) Pre-reduction and smelting characteristics of Kazakhstan ore samples. In: Paper presented at Infacon XII, Helsinki, Finland. Google Scholar Oterdoom HJ et al (2018) (2018) High carbon ferrochrome smelting in a DC furnace: smelt small stuff and stop sintering.

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Ferrochrome smelting and smelting capacity …

Keywords: Pyrometallurgy, ferrochrome, smelting, investment, Zimbabwe Abstract – Four smelting plants currently make up the ferrochrome smelting capacity in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Alloys and Zimasco represent more then ninety per cent of Zimbabwe's ferrochrome smelting capacity, while Maranatha and Oliken contribute the difference.

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Smelting of high-carbon ferrochrome from chromium

In a test melts, high-carbon ferrochrome is produced from chrome sinter and chrome-ore fines in an arc electrofurnace. Two types of sinter with the best performance—the best sintering rate, strength, and product yield—are studied. It is demonstrated by experimental melts that high-carbon ferrochrome can be produced from proposed agglomerates. An …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

High Carbon Ferrochrome Technology

The most common production technology utilized is submerged arc smelting in AC furnaces, although open arc smelting in DC furnaces is becoming increasingly common. A …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Al Tamman Ferro Alloys (FZC) LLC

The Installed capacity of the smelting plant is 75,000 mtpa high carbon Ferrochrome. ATFA have a dedicated Solar power power plant of 25 MW capacity. The Company is a 50:50 Joint Venture between Muscat Overseas Group of Oman and LL-Resources Austria and was setup with the objective to tap the potential of chrome ore reserves in Oman by ...

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

An Overview of Currently Applied Ferrochrome …

From an environmental point of view, smelting industries are pressured to reduce C emissions. An attractive approach for removing oxygen from the target metal oxides, and the mitigation of gaseous C, is by using …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of High …

In 2020, global ferrochrome production was 12.7 million tonnes in which China, South Africa and Kazakhstan rank as the top three producers. 14 Chromite (FeCr 2 O 4) ore is today the only economical chromium resource that contains about 45%Cr 2 O 3.It is extracted by either open-pit or underground method. 15 HC FeCr is typically produced by a carbothermic …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Fundamentals of Ferrochrome (FeCr) Alloy and Its Slag

Chromium is not obtained in its free state; therefore, chromium ore is reduced by normal smelting process. Carbothermal reduction of chromium ore enables production of ferrochrome. Usually, an electrical furnace is used for production of chromium, which consumes high electric energy. As a result, the cost of ferrochrome production is enhanced.

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Middelburg Ferrochrome MFC

Smelting Operations. Back. Middelburg Ferrochrome MFC. MFC is situated in Middelburg, Mpumalanga and was established in 1964 as a Low Carbon Ferrochrome production facility. Charge chrome was first produced on this site in 1974 by Middelburg Steel and Alloys (Pty) Ltd, which was acquired by Samancor in 1991, making it one of only a few alloy ...

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Aspects of SAF smelting of ferrochrome

Abstract: Ferrochrome slag is a major solid waste generated from submerged electric arc furnaces during manufacturing of ferrochrome alloy. The waste slag has excellent mechanical and engineering properties for utilization as concrete aggregate material. But it contains about 6–12% of residual chromium which has the potentiality of releasing hazardous …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Optimization of Process Parameter for Smelting and …

Chromite ore having different Cr/Fe ratio were smelted in a 100 KVA submerge arc furnace (SAF) with low grade nut coke. The Cr/Fe ratio of the Chromite ore pellets were optimized with …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Simulation-based life cycle assessment of ferrochrome smelting

To gain insights, environmental impacts of ferrochrome smelting technologies were estimated using simulation-based life cycle assessment. Two leading technologies: (1) Steel Belt Sintering-Submerged Electric Arc Furnace (SBS-SAF), and (2) Rotary Kiln-Submerged Electric Arc Furnace (RK-SAF) were investigated. Four environmental impact categories ...

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

MELTING OF HIGH-CARBON FERROCHROME …

The article presents the results of large-scale laboratory tests on the smelting of high-carbon ferrochrome with the replacement of parts metallurgical coke with high-ash coal from the Saryadyr deposits. According to the test results, it can …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Mechanism of the Direct Reduction of Chromite Process as a …

Ferrochrome is typically produced by the smelting of chromite ore in electric arc furnaces. Conventional smelting processes are energy intensive with variable energy consumptions from about 3 to 7 MWh per ton ferrochrome produced with the lower range belonging to most advanced technologies like closed submerged arc furnace with oxidized or prereduced pellet feeds and …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Composition and Cr- and Fe-speciation of dust generated …

The differences between the composition of dusts generated during ferrochrome smelting and the feed composition reflects the relative proportion of feed-material dust particles, including lime derivative of the limestone flux, slag, and spherules in the dusts captured at different points in the smelter.

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Smelting method of ferrochrome

Ferrochrome is an important raw material of stainless steel production, so it is mainly used in the field of stainless steel production, today to introduce the production of ferrochrome leaf ...

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Ferrochrome

In the process of smelting, huge amounts of electricity are consumed. Tapping of the material from the furnace takes place intermittently. When enough smelted ferrochrome has accumulated in the hearth of the furnace, the tap hole is drilled open and a stream of molten metal and slag flows out down a trough into a chill or ladle.

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Energy and exergy analyses of pellet smelting systems of …

Ferrochrome alloy is an important raw material for steel industry and its smelting technology is one of the most energy intensive processes in modern industry characterized by large energy consumption and high releasing green-house gas emission (Zhang et al., 2017; Tong et al., 2019). With the fast depletion of chromium ore resources, the ...

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Simulation-based life cycle assessment of ferrochrome smelting

Ferrochrome slag is a common industrial solid waste produced during the smelting of chromite in submerged arc furnaces [8]. In the current production process, for every 1 ton of ferrochrome alloy manufactured, approximately 2.5 tons to 2.6 tons of chromite are consumed, resulting in the production of 1 ton to 1.2 tons of ferrochrome slag[9,10].

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Production of Ferro-Chrome

Smelting of HC Fe-Cr ferro-alloy. HC Fe-Cr and charge chrome are normally produced by the conventional smelting process utilizing carbo-thermic reduction of chromite ore (consisting oxides of Cr and Fe) using an electric submerged arc furnace (SAF) or a DC (direct current) open arc electric furnace.

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073

Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of …

THE INCORPORATION OF SECONDARY AND RECYCLED MATERIALS IN A PRIMARY SMELTING FLOWSHEET Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of High-Carbon Ferrochrome Production WENJING WEI,1,2,3 PETER B. SSON,1 PA¨RG.JO¨ NSSON,1 RUTGER GYLLENRAM,1,2 and BJO¨ RN GLASER1 1.—Department of Materials Science and …

WhatsApp: +86 18221755073